Telegraph..!!

The invention of the Telegraph:
The telegraph is defined as any system that allows the transmission of encoded information by signal across a distance. While telegraph systems have used a variety of signaling methods and devices, the term is most often applied to the electrical telegraph development in the 19th century. The earliest forms of telegraphy were probably smoke, fire or drum signals. In the late 18th century optical telegraphs were invented by Claude Chappe in France and George Murray in England – the semaphore. Rapid development of the telegraph was based on Hans Christian Oersted’s discovery in 1819 that a wire carrying a current was able to deflect a magnetized compass needle. The Cooke and Wheatstone five needle telegraph of 1837 utilized this phenomenon. This apparatus, which is generally regarded as the first functional electric telegraph, was widely used in Great Britain for railroad signaling. The needle telegraph, even after improvement, required two or more lines to form a complete circuit. It was also relatively slow and the design of the transmitting and receiving instruments was complex. Something simple and efficient was needed. In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon, exhibited the electromagnet for the first time. Sturgeon displayed its power by lifting nine pounds with a piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a cell battery was sent. In 1830, an American inventor, Joseph Henry, demonstrated the potential of Sturgeon's device for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet which caused a bell to strike. Thus the electric telegraph was born. Samuel F.B. Morse successfully exploited Henry's invention commercially. Together with his partner Alfred Vail, Morse developed in 1838 the simple operator key, which when depressed completed an electric circuit and sent a signal to a distant receiver which was an electromagnet that moved a marker that embossed a series of dots and dashes (the Morse Code) on a paper roll. About 1856 a sounding key was developed that enabled operators to hear the message clicks and write or type it directly down in plain language. Telegraph systems quickly spread across Europe and the United States. With the growing telegraph traffic many improvements followed. Like the duplex circuit, in Germany, that made it possible for messages to travel simultaneously in opposite directions on the same line. Thomas Edison devised a quadruplex in 1874 that enabled four messages to travel at once. The most revolutionary invention was that of Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot, his time division multiplex invented in 1872.

By: Sara Molina & Camila Ospina

(as you told us we could do one for the whole group, but some did it alone, we both did it together =D )

The First Car!!!

Henry Ford was the son of farmer and borned in Greenfield, Michigan on July 30, 1863. He left school when he was 15 to work on his father's farm but in 1879 he moved to Detroit where he became worker in a machine shop. in the mornings he repairired clocks and watches.

Ford returned to Greenfield after his father gave him 40 acres to start his own farm. He didnt like farming and spent much of the time trying to build a steam road carriage and a farm locomotive. he didnt want to stay there so he returned to Detroit to work as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company.

During this period Ford read an article in the World of Science about how a German engineer builted a internal combustion engine. Ford spent his time trying to build a moror of petrol to a car. His first car, finished in 1896, was built in a little brick in his garden. Driven by a two-cylinder, four-cycle motor and it was mounted on bicycle wheels. Named the Thin Lizzie, the car had no reverse gear or brakes.

in August of 1899, Ford had raised enough money to start his own company. His first group of investors withdrew after Ford had spent $86,000 without producing a car that could be sold. Eventually he produced a car that appeared at the Grosse Pointe Blue Ribbon track at Detroit. Its performance helped him to sell 6,000 $10 dollar shares in his company.

in June of 1903, he found twelve more people that wanted to invest a total of $28,000 in another motor company. Ford began production of the Model A car. The car sold well. in 1907 the profits reached $1,100,000. In 1909 Ford took the decision to manufacture only one type of car, the Model T.

Initially it took 14 hours to assemble a Model T car. By improving his production methods, Ford reduced this to 1 hour and 30 minutes. This put less expensive the cost of each car and enabled Ford to undercut the price of other cars on the market. Between 1908 and 1916 the selling price of the Model T fell from $1,000 to $360

PS: teacher for me this is the best invent of the industrial revolution because think about this, how could we live without cars??...in a way is good because the global warming but in an otherone is bad because we will have to walk to all the parts.

Sarita Castrillon :)

En astronomía, se lograron importantes descubrimientos y se formaron interesantes teorías cosmogónicas como la del francés Laplace. Hubo avances en las matemáticas, la física, la química, la medicina, las ciencias naturales, la geografía, etc.


Por: Camila Ospina

THE FIRST AIRLANE

THE FIRST AIRPLANE

In 1899, after Wilbur Wright had written a letter of request to the Smithsonian Institution for information about flight experiments, the Wright Brothers designed their first aircraft: a small, biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the craft by wing warping. Wing warping is a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircraft's rolling motion and balance.
The Wrights spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. They noticed that birds soared into the wind and that the air flowing over the curved surface of their wings created lift. Birds change the shape of their wings to turn and maneuver. They believed that they could use this technique to obtain roll control by warping, or changing the shape, of a portion of the wing.
Over the next three years, Wilbur and his brother Orville would design a series of gliders which would be flown in both unmanned (as kites) and piloted flights. They read about the works of Cayley, and Langley, and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal. They corresponded with Octave Chanute concerning some of their ideas. They recognized that control of the flying aircraft would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve.

By: Mariana Duque

PS: i think is the best invention in the industry revolutio!!